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September 26, 2022
 
I want to revisit an excerpt from my July 14 note (blue font), and then talk about how it's playing out. 

 
Pro Perspectives, July 14, 2022: 
 
The Fed doesn't have the appetite for big rate hikes. 
 
If they did, they would have acted bigger, and more aggressively already. High inflation environments, historically, have only been resolved when short term rates (the rates the Fed sets) are raised above the rate of inflation.  The Fed is currently almost eight percentage points behind.  We can only assume, at this point, that it's intentional.  
 
Also, when asked about the inflationary risks of QE, back in 2010, the former Fed Chair (Ben Bernanke) said dealing with inflation is no problem.  "We could raise rates in 15 minutes." 
 
They haven't [done that, i.e. a big one-off emergency rate hike]. 
 
Add to this:  The current Fed Chair has told us that they were going to aggressively attack inflation, by "expeditiously" raising interest rates, and "significantly" reducing the Fed's balance sheet.  They have done neither.
 
So they have the tools.  They understand the formula for resolving inflation.  But they aren't acting. 
 
Why? 
 
Even if the U.S. economy (including our government's ability to service its debt) could withstand the pain of nearly double-digit interest rates, the rest of the world can't.  That's it.  End of story. 
 
Capital is already flying out of all parts of the world, and into the dollar.  Is it because U.S. bonds are finally paying interest?  Partly.  Mostly, it's because the U.S. is pulling global interest rates higher, which makes sovereign debt more expensive (more likely, unsustainable), particularly in the more economically fragile emerging market countries.  Rising U.S. rates accelerate global sovereign bond markets toward default/ sovereign bankruptcy
 
And historically, sovereign debt crises tend to be contagious (i.e. you get a cascading effect around the world).  So far, we've seen defaults by Sri Lanka and Russia. 
 
This is why the Fed is talking a big game, but doing very little with rates.

Okay, let's fast forward to today.  The Fed has now raised the effective Fed Funds rate to 3.08%.  The balance sheet?  At this point, the Fed has scheduled to have reduced the size by $237.5 billion.  They done just $100 billion.  Inflation, of course, remains much higher than the Fed Funds rate.  So the Fed still hasn't delivered on the tough talk.  

As we've discussed, they haven't because they can't.  Still, as we discussed on Friday, they now may have even gone to far with the tough talk.

Projecting another 125 basis points of tightening in the U.S. over the next three months has destabilized global markets.  

U.S. stocks have traded to June lows.  More importantly, the vulnerabilities in Europe have become amplified.

We've talked about the vulnerabilities in Europe, specifically Italian debt. 

Yields on Italian government debt are spiking, now 40 basis points above the June levels – levels that prompted an emergency meeting by the ECB …

As we've discussed, this should trigger the ECB's new bond buying program, to curtail the rise in these yields, and protect the solvency of Italy.  But it will come at the expense of the euro. 
With that, the euro continues to trade to new 20-year lows.  Sovereign debt yields in the UK are also spiking, and the British pound is collapsing (down as much as 8% in the past two trading days, falling to 37 year lows).  And as we discussed on Friday, rapidly declining currencies tend to come with (ultimately) debt defaults (even with central banks putting up a fight). 
 
Where is the money going, that's leaving Europe?  The U.S. — into the dollar/dollar denominated assets.  It's a (global) flight to safety (somewhat positive for U.S. assets, very negative for global assets).    
 
So, this all heading in the direction that we discussed back in July (i.e. the excerpt copied in above). 
 
And to be sure, it has been triggered by the Fed.  They have miscalculated — even at the (still) relatively low levels on interest rates. 
 
Remember, back in 2019, after a shallow rate hiking campaign and attempts to "normalize" the balance sheet (from the Global Financial Crisis response), the Fed was forced to stop and reverse (to cut rates and go back to QE). 
 
The reason: Things started breaking in the financial system.  To be specific, we had this 300 basis point spike in the overnight lending market.
What's happening now?  Things are beginning to break in the financial system (this time sovereign debt markets). 

 
With that, the market will continue to look for the Fed chair to walk back on the hawkish rhetoric and projections from last week's meeting.  He had a chance on Friday, at the "Fed Listens" conference.  He said nothing. Powell is on the calendar for a prepared speech again this week — on Wednesday
 
 

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September 23, 2022

We end the week with the warning signals of a meltdown.

Stocks retested the June lows today.  U.S. 10-year yields spiked up to 3.82%.

This comes following Wednesday's Fed meeting, which suggested, via the Fed's economic projections, that they are planning to ramp rates another 125 basis points into year end.

As we've discussed in recent days, that rate scenario would bury the economy into a deep recession.  It is also a threat to the solvency of global sovereign debt.

As we know, the rise in U.S. yields tends to pull global yields higher. 

With the spike in U.S. yields today, yields on the vulnerable Italian sovereign debt went to nine-year highs (to 4.36%).
 
Importantly, that's ABOVE the June highs — a level that triggered an emergency response from the ECB, where they designed a plan to become buyers of last resort of fragile sovereign debt in the euro zone (more QE).  This is a strategy intended to defend their vulnerable constituent countries in the euro zone from a sovereign debt default.
 
So with this move in rates, the ECB will likely be forced back into printing euros to finance debt and deficits in the euro zone.
 
That problem, comes with another problem.  When the rest of the world has exited QE and you're still printing, your currency will devalue. 
 
We've seen it with the yen. 
 
Today, we saw what may be an important day in the history of the euro (the most widely held currency in the world).  The euro traded to new 20-year lows – and now well under parity with the dollar.

A weak euro, like a weak yen, isn't unwelcome.  Weak, at a rapid pace (i.e. crash), however, tends to be accompanied by debt defaults.
 
This is all part of the fine line the Fed has been walking, in trying to tame inflation, without creating a bigger, more dangerous, and global, crisis. The markets are telling them, this recent guidance on the rate path has gone a step too far.  We may see some damage control from the Fed next week (some walking back).  
 

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September 22, 2022

Remember, yesterday we looked at the Fed's recent economic and policy projections.
 

In these projections, the Fed painted a pretty gloomy picture: ultra-low growth, rising unemployment, and what would be a stifling increase in interest rates into the end of the year.
 
As we discussed yesterday, if they were to follow through on this outlook, they would bury the economy into a deep recession.
 
But keep in mind, these projections are part of the Fed's "forward guidance" strategy.    
 
And "forward guidance" is an explicit tool, at the Fed's disposal (just like interest rate setting), intended to manipulate behaviors.
 
What behavior do they want to manipulate?  Hiring. Spending. Investing. Confidence.  Mostly, they want all of this to manipulate the "expectations" of where inflation is going.  
 
Remember, the Fed is far more concerned about inflation expectations, than they are about inflation.  If they lose control of expectations, people start pulling forward purchases, in anticipation of higher prices, creating a self-fulfilling upward spiral in prices
 
On that note, they are winning.  This next chart is their favored gauge on measuring inflation expectations.  
 
As you can see, there was a spike in inflation expectations early this year.  That spike peaked in April.  This happened as the Fed was making the first rate hike (moving away from zero rates).
 
The Fed's fear at that time, was a continuation of that spike (both the rate of change, and the rising level of expectations).  But as you can see to the far right, inflation expectations have since been very tame.  And that's tame relative to history, despite the forty-year high in inflation.
 
Powell said as much yesterday:  "Despite elevated inflation, longer-term inflation expectations appear to remain well anchored." 
 
So the Fed is winning, in that they've successfully killed the animal spirits in the economy.  We can see it in the deteriorating economic data.  We can see it in lower trending price data.    
 
I suspect yesterday's use of "forward guidance" was intended to secure a little more demand destruction (a little more power in the punch).  
 

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September 21, 2022

The Fed raised by another 75 basis points today.  No surprise there.
 
And Jay Powell opened his post-meeting press conference by saying his main message from his Jackson Hole speech (last month) hasn’t changed.
 
So, no surprises in the press conference.
 
Markets rallied. 
 
But then reversed into the end of the day. 
 
Because of this …
 

This is the Fed's quarterly economic projections.  
 
They revised down their growth projections for the economy to just 0.2% for the year.  Just three months ago, they were looking for the economy to grow 1.7% this year.  That's a big downgrade.
 
They also revised up unemployment projections, and inflation. 
 
And with that, they revised UP the projection for interest rates. 
 
And it wasn't a small upward revision.  After today's hike, the Fed is now at 3.00%-3.25% range on the Fed Funds rate.  And the projections have them getting to 4.4% by year end.  
 
That's another roughly 125 basis points of tightening.
 
If they were to follow through on this outlook, they would bury the economy into a deep recession.
 
We've already had two consecutive quarters of negative growth in the first half of the year.  And the Atlanta Fed's GDP model is barely showing growth for the third quarter (at just 0.3%). 
 
With the deterioration in the economic data it's a safe bet that Q3 will turn negative too.  If the Fed goes another 125 basis points before year end, we would probably have four consecutive quarters of economic contraction. 
 
Stocks reacted to this scenario late in the afternoon.  
 
If the slide in stocks continues tomorrow, and into Friday, we may get a response from Powell himself.  He's conveniently scheduled to speak on Friday afternoon in a virtual conference called "Fed Listens," where the Fed engages a wide range of business leaders from a variety of industries. 
 
Remember, while the Fed cares about inflation, they care more about inflation expectations.  And Powell said today that inflation expectations remain anchored (under control).  What the Fed cares most about, is maintaining stability.  If stocks test the June lows (not too far away), stability becomes questionable.   
 
They don't want to see market meltdowns.  Market meltdowns can quickly become financial system meltdowns and economic meltdowns.
 
I suspect the Fed will be "listening" to markets closely over the next day and a half.  If today's message isn't resonating well, Powell will likely soften the tone (walk things back) on Friday. 
 
 

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September 20, 2022

We have four major central bank decisions over the next 48 hours.
 
The Fed will continue to move the anchor on global interest rates. 
 
The Fed is expected to raise rates by 75 basis points.  The Swiss National Bank is expected to follow with 75 basis points Thursday morning.  That would end seven years of negative interest rates in Switzerland. 
 
And the Bank of England is expected to hike 50 bps on Thursday morning.
 
With that, let's revisit the snapshot of major global central bank rates (adjusted for the expected hikes coming this week) vs. current inflation.
 

Almost every major financial publication in recent weeks has invoked the Paul Volcker analogue.
 
As we've discussed here many times, Volcker beat inflation in the early 80s by taking short term rates ABOVE the rate of inflation.  
 
As you can see in the table above, even after a series of "aggressive" hikes, we are not even close.
 
With that, as we've also discussed many times, global central banks in this post Great Financial Crisis and Post-Pandemic era don't have the firepower to take down inflation with high interest rates.
 
Among the reasons: Government debt levels (globally) are incompatible with high interest rates.
 

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September 19, 2022

We've talked a lot about the buildup to this week's Fed decision. 
 
This will be the first Fed meeting since July 27th, where they raised rates by 75 basis points AND told us that they had reached the "neutral level" for rates (no longer accommodative, but also not restrictive). 
 
Jay Powell went further, in his July press conference, to say that they didn't want to telegraph mechanical tightening (my words, his words: they were no longer providing "guidance"). 
 
He said from that point (in July) they would go meeting by meeting, based on the data.
 
This was dovish.  Stocks went up.   
 
Let's talk about what has happened since the Fed's July 27th meeting…  
 
Just hours after the July Fed meeting, headlines started hitting the wires about another massive spending bill (a deal between Manchin and Schumer).  This was the Build Back Better agenda, with another name.  
 
A day later, the House approved the Chips Act (more spending). 
 
A month later, Biden followed with school loan forgiveness (more spending).
 
This was a fiscal bazooka, just after the Fed intimated that they may be done (or near done) raising rates.
 
More fiscal spending plus less restrictive monetary policy is a formula for a growth boom, but also an inflation boom (more fuel on the fire).
 
With that, the Fed spent the next three weeks in damage control, trying to dial down the expectations of a hotter economy and hotter prices. 
 
As we've discussed, the Fed is far more concerned about inflation expectations, than they are about inflation.  If they lose control of expectations, people start pulling forward purchases, in anticipation of higher prices, creating a self-fulfilling upward spiral in prices
 
So, the Fed went on a media blitz.  Fed officials were all over the wires, day-in and day-out, telling us just how relentless they will be in raising interest rates, "keeping at it" until the war on inflation is won, "unconditionally" focused on stabilizing prices.
 
It has worked. The market has bought the message the Fed is selling.
 
The damage (i.e. consumer and business perception of a more inflationary environment coming down the pike) has been controlled.  Stocks lost 4% in August.  The 10-year yield has gone from 2.5% to 3.5% since early August.
 
The question is:  Will the Fed deliver with actions that match the words? 
 
They haven't to this point.  And they have plenty of reasons, by sticking to the data, to under-deliver on Wednesday. 
 
Gas prices are a buck cheaper than late July.  The monthly change for both July and August CPI was roughly flat (0% and 0.1%, respectively).  And that aligns with the broad declines in the pace of price increases across the various manufacturing reports (which has been trending sharply lower for months).
 
Remember, the Fed is tasked with rate-of-change, not level.  The level of prices is here to stay.  The rate-of-change in prices has already subsided.  

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September 16, 2022

Yesterday we discussed the very well placed Fedex warning. 
 
Not only was it unnecessary to pre-announce seven days before a schedule earnings call, but moreover, the Fedex CEO thought he needed to deliver a warning on the global economy.
 
Again, this act looks like it may have created cover for the Fed to under-deliver next week.  If that’s the case, we probably have more tumult for markets going into Wednesday’s Fed decision.  
 
Then, anything less than 75 basis points combined with a zealously hawkish tone would be a positive surprise for markets.
 
That’s a big event ahead. Let’s talk about the bigger event ahead.  The November elections.  
 
Below is a look at the model projections from FiveThirtyEight.  
 

This shows a 71% chance of a Republican led House after November.  And a 71% chance of a Democrat led Senate.  
 
This is in-line with the averages from the national polling (which puts the house at 67% chance of a Republican led House, and a 65% chance of a Democrat led Senate).
 
What do the betting markets look like?  The oddsmakers like about a 47% chance of a split Congress, and 33% chance of a Republican sweep.  Three months ago, the betting markets were pricing in a 75% chance of a Republican sweep.
 
A split Congress would introduce gridlock into what has been run-amok/destructive policy making in DC.  That would be good for markets. 

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September 15, 2022

We talked about the government bond markets yesterday.  
 
We're just four trading days from the Fed meeting next week, and the U.S. 10-year is trading near the June high of 3.50%.  
 
In Europe, the Italian 10-year bond yield (maybe the most vulnerable bond market in Europe) is trading back above 4%.  That's near the levels, back in June, that prompted an emergency ECB meeting and a policy response.
 
And in Japan, the Japanese government bond yield is trading back at the June highs, at the top of their accepted yield curve control band (of -0.25% to 0.25%).  This requires the Bank of Japan to buy JGBs in unlimited amounts to maintain the ceiling on yields.  
 
This, as the market, just in the past week, has begun pricing in the probability of a (very aggressive) 100 basis point hike by the Fed next week.
 
That would be a move that could quickly manifest in European government bond markets, and threaten solvency of euro zone countries.  
 
And such a bold move on rates by the Fed could become problematic for the U.S. fiscal situation.  Remember, every 100 basis points by the Fed adds another $285 billion annually to an already bloated U.S. deficit.
 
Of course, the anticipation of what looks like a dangerous consideration by the Fed, is because the Fed has made a lot of efforts over the past month to create that anticipation. 
 
This is the "tough talk" strategy we've discussed all along the way of this rate hiking path. 
 
The goal of this strategy is to manipulate consumer and business behaviors (to curtail exuberance in spending, investing and hiring), without having to ramp rates to the levels of inflation.  It's the opposite of the strategy the Fed explicitly used throughout the post-global financial crisis period (in that case, they were trying to promote confidence to spend, invest and hire).  
 
So the bark has been worse than the bite on rate hikes, thus far. 
 
But as we discussed above, we're getting to a place, for rates, where an aggressive move from here can become dangerous for the economy. 
 
With that in mind, we had some interesting news after the close of markets today. 
 
Fedex, the biggest transportation and logistics company in the world, decided to pre-announce earnings.  They weren't good.  In fact, the CEO went on set, on CNBC, to tell us that China's factories haven't seen demand bounce back since reopening, and it's because of a weak U.S. consumer.  And he went on to say he thinks we will see a worldwide recession. 
 
Now, this comes four days before the Fed's decision on rates. 
 
When is Fedex scheduled to formally announce earnings?  The day AFTER the Fed decision.
 
That's interesting.
 
Has Fedex just given the Fed the cover it needs to under-deliver on rate hike expectations?  
 
This reminds me of another (suspicious) pre-announcement just a couple of months ago. 
 
On July 25th, three weeks before their scheduled Q2 earnings release, Walmart decided to "provide a business update," and "revise their outlook." They warned about inflation and lower margins, and a steep EPS decline.
 
That was two days before the Fed meeting (which is the most recent Fed meeting).
 
And as you recall, while the Fed followed through with the expected 75 basis point hike, they surprised markets with a couple of intentional statements that telegraphed the near end (if not the end) of the tightening cycle (Jay Powell said they had reached the neutral level on rates, and said that they would no longer provide guidance, that decisions would be data-dependent from that point).
 
Stocks rallied 10% in fourteen days. 
 
By the way, Walmart positively surprised on earnings three weeks after making that gloomy profit warning. 

   
 

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September 14, 2022

Stocks followed a rout yesterday, with some relative calm today. 
 
That came, in part, because of some relative calming in the treasury market.    
 
Let's talk about why …
 
First, let's take a look at the U.S. 10-year government bond yield.

Following yesterday's inflation report, the U.S. 10-year yields traded just two basis points shy of the June high of 3.5%. 
 
Back in June, this 3.5% level was a big deal, for this reason:  It put upward pressure on global interest rates. 
 
This includes the fiscally fragile countries in the euro zone.  Among the two most vulnerable countries in Europe to rising interest rates, are Italy and Spain.  As we've discussed here in my daily notes, these were the two sore spots back in 2012 that nearly triggered a contagion of sovereign debt defaults and an implosion of the euro (the second most widely held currency in the world). 
 
The fiscal position for both countries is worse now, not better. 
 
And at a 3.5% 10-year yield in the U.S, back in June, Italian yields ran up to 4.28%.  Spanish yields ran up to 3.21%.  That was the danger zone. 
 
With that in mind, here's what Italian yields look like today …
Italian bond yields traded up to 4.09% today.  As you can see in the chart, when yields were in this territory back in June, the ECB responded with an emergency meeting.  In that meeting, they crafted a game plan to defend against the rise of these vulnerable euro zone sovereign debt yields.  It was a new QE plan, by a different name (the "Transmission Protection Instrument").
 
So, we should expect these levels (or near here) to force the ECB back into the game of bond buying.
 
This level in the U.S. 10-year yield has also put upward pressure on Japanese bond yields. 
 
Why does that matter?  Because the Bank of Japan is defending a cap on their yields, through their "yield curve control" program.  
 
As you can see in the chart below, similar to June, Japanese yields are again bumping into the top side of their acceptable range (0% yield, with 25 basis points on either side). 
What does the Bank of Japan do when JGB yields are hitting their yield curve control ceiling (of 25 basis points)? 
 
They print yen, and buy unlimited amounts of JGBs, to push bond prices higher, yields lower.
 
So, as we discussed yesterday, despite the perceived "normalization of monetary policy" being led by the Fed, we still have two (very powerful) central banks in the position to defend against shocks, and pump liquidity into the global economy.
 
This building scenario supports the point we've discussed all along:  QE is like Hotel California.  "You can check out, but you can never leave."  

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September 13, 2022

The August inflation numbers came in a little higher this morning. 
 
But did a 0.1% monthly increase in prices justify a 4% decline in stocks on the day?  That's 1.1% annualized inflation. 
 
Maybe it was the uptick in the inflation number after extracting the effects of food and energy prices (i.e. core prices)? 
 
But that number disrupted a trend of declining core prices since March. And if we look at a couple of the "hot" components of core CPI, new car prices and rents (which have put upward pressure on the "shelter" component), there are reasons to believe the slowdown in those prices are coming, just lagging (given falling used car and home prices).  
 
Bottom line, this is a big deal for markets, to the extent that market positioning was leaning heavily in the direction of expecting a positive surprise in this August inflation report.  We got a slightly negative surprise.  Positions unwound.
 
With that, let's take a look at the chart on stocks …

As you can see, with the decline today, stocks gave back nearly all of the gains from last Wednesday.  The downtrend on the year remains intact.  So does the low from June.  
 
Let's talk about that low. 
 
The June bottom in stocks was marked by the European Central Bank's flip flop on bond buying (i.e. quantitative easing, QE).  Just weeks after the ECB announced they would end QE, they had to restart QE — to backstop the sovereign bond markets of the fiscally fragile eurozone countries (QE by a new name, the "Transmission Protection Instrument"). 
 
Two days later, the Bank of Japan doubled down on their bond buying program (holding the line on their ultra-easy policy and unlimited QE via their yield curve control strategy).
 
So the Fed was raising rates and beginning quantitative tightening (extracting liquidity) back in June, which created shock waves in global markets.  But the shock waves were quickly absorbed as two major central banks dug in — positioning to defend global markets from shocks (i.e. QE). That was the bottom for stocks.  And that still holds. 
 
If there's one thing we've learned from the events of the past decade, it's that global central banks will do, in coordination, "whatever it takes" to preserve stability.